Promote at your site!

I f you have your own web site or blog, you can monetize it. One most popular way to get money for your site is by google adsense. But since it's difficult to meet qualification for google adsense, we should consider to use another resource to monetize your site. One of it is to Get paid to promote at your site..


You can change your web trafic to become money by just a simple and easy way.Start make your traffic to become money now!.


Every traffic you make to the destination site will becoming money for you. You can Get paid To Promote at any Location! you want.

Bad Pay To Click (PTC) sites.

There’re many way to get money online. One of them is by use or follow the PTC sites. PTC (Pay To Click) some times also called as PPC (Pay Per Click) site is a site that will pay us to click and view or surf their adverstiments for just a few seconds. They will pay us via our paypal or alertpay account.

Just that easy! You may register to the PTC sites to get started, to make money online. But some PTC sites don't have good reputation. I have followed buxtro ptc sites for just a short period but then it closed. It's said that the owner can not pay the script they used. Read more here: http://ptctalk.org/index.php/topic,328.0.html

So, we should be careful to followed any ptc sites. Buxtro is one of the example. Just wasting my time.

Just for testing!

Specialists in recrimination art

The basic strategy and doubling down

There's a sad fact about playing in a casino, whether real or virtual. The operators have worked out how to play the games on offer and set the odds to favor themselves. After all, if the majority did not lose, there would be no money to pay out all the money you win. Needless to say, the casinos have invested time and money into working out every possible variation on the rules and the ways to play under them. So, if you are going to take on the House edge, you have to become as big an expert on the rules as the operators. So let's start with one of the more interesting rules which decides when you are allowed to double down. This applies when you have received your two cards. If you decide you are going to draw only one more card, the casino rules can allow you to double your initial bet. The different possibilities are to double:

• on any card combination;


• only when the two cards total 9, 10 or 11; or


• after splitting.

Why should you double your bet? The answer is deceptively simple. You double the bet when you think you are going to beat the Dealer. That really does make sense. But because you are suddenly investing more money in playing the game and have more to lose, you need to get on board with the math. You need to know the frequency with which the Dealer is likely to go bust based on the card you can see. If the Dealer's card suggests a bust is probable, i.e. the Dealer's hand is weak, you double the bet when you have a strong hand. You are maximizing the chance of making a good profit on the hand. If you build the doubling rule into your basic strategy, you reduce the House edge. If you refuse to play the doubling rule, the House edge actually increases. This is not to claim you will win every hand when you double down. If you are on a losing streak, you could lose every doubled bet for the session. But, in the long term, you will win more than you lose if you double. If you hesitate to double the bet, it suggests you are outside your comfort zone and already playing for higher stakes than you can afford.

At the blackjack table, the Dealer is weakest when showing a card in the range 2 through 6. With a 2, the bust percentage is 35%. It rises to a 42% chance of busting with a 5 or 6. Your hand is strongest if the two card total is less than 11. Do not be thrown off the basic strategy by the casinos that allow you to add less than the original bet. Blackjack is a game for winners. Never give up the chance to double and take the maximum win against the Dealer. Adding a few dollars to the original bet but not doubling is half-hearted and cowardly.

The first steps to a basic strategy

The game is one of the simplest ever invented. The rules are few and there's no physical effort involved in playing it. You just sit, look at a few cards and make your bets. That's probably why it's become one of the most popular casino games of all time. Of course everyone knows the House has an edge. That's how it pays all the expenses for running the casino. Remember it makes no difference whether this is a casino in the real world or online. You still need people and a base. So common sense tells you that no-one beats the House unless they invest some effort. Put another way: if everyone could beat the House without breaking sweat, the casino would go out of business in a day. This produces the headline: no pain, no gain. You have to put in some study time to master the basic strategy.

So what is this strategy? Over the years, some serious math types did all the work for you. They calculated the best way to play all the card combinations and wrote them down in simple charts. If you were going to play in a real casino, you would have to learn all these rules. That saves you having to pause before every decision to check the charts. Not only would the other players around the table be less than impressed, the casino would probably suggest you leave. But playing online changes all that. You can consult the charts as often as you like before deciding which card to play. It may be slow but, if you get the strategy right for every hand, you just shifted the odds in your favor.

So what are these charts? The first gives you the rules on when to split a pair. The strategy changes depending on the value of the cards dealt to you and the value of the card you can see the Dealer holding. So it starts with the rule that you split a pair of aces no matter what the Dealer holds, and goes down to the choices when you hold a pair of 2s. The other two charts deal with hard hands and soft hands. A hard hand is when neither card is an ace and the strategy changes significantly depending on the card held by the Dealer and the table rules on when the Dealer must stand or draw. A soft hand contains an ace and is easier to play because you can always draw one more card without busting - this takes some of the pressure off the play. I started off by saying blackjack is an easy game but, like all games, you can play for fun or you can take it seriously and play to win. In this case, you are more likely to win if you learn the charts and can play the strategy without thinking. To really take on the House edge, you also have to become a card counter but that's a whole new story because it does not work in a virtual casino. For now, focus on the basic strategy and start your winning blackjack career.

How to make money online

Posting sejenis dalam Bahasa Indonesia.
Who don’t want to get money? All would want ... Except of course for those of who already have a lot of money and had enough or was excessive.
So, this article may only apply to us .. who still need money for living disconnected or anything!

So, how do earn money through the internet? Be patience .... First we should note that earn money isn’t so easy. We won’t get it without work, without doing anything,.. but if we have a will neither it won’t be so hard. It is also important, we should get money in the right way. No deceiving or something like that. So..how do we know that it is deceptive or not?

Most easy that if you requested to pay ..., well you should start alert! But do not misunderstand me, Not all are deceptive. But at least it could be our first suspect, if asked to pay or give some money. The deceptive like this sometimes not completely deceiving ..? Well what is it meaning?

There is some really make money, if you're lucky or your home is also successfully deceiving others? Let me say.. you asked for money, you'll ask money to someone else, and so on. The most miserable is ones the last joining, because nobody who asked for money can be held. Rich fraud chain huh?

The trick can be differ, investment, money machine, etc.. Once again keep in mind that not all of things like this is fraud. But rather than confused ... if want to learn to earn money through the internet start of the free-ones. There’s no straight way, or instantly ...!

But it all depends on each of us! So How to make money online? …Be patience, we will continue it later, so keep follow me on this story. He… he

The links was restricted by robot.txt!

When i see my page on Google webmaster tool, i see some crawler error on my blog. It seems to say that some links on my blog cannot be crawled by Google because that links was restricted by robot.txt.

It was confusing me. I ask my self, do i have make a robot.txt to my page? I have try tested robot.txt on Google webmaster tool, and successes. On that time i didn't check my robot.txt. Later i know that robot.txt contain such protection to my page, a stop sign to crawler in order to not crawled 'things' on my page that described by robot.txt.

That was make me feel sorry, i feel that i have make a mistake and i don't know what to do to fix it. Even that i try to change that robot.txt Google won't save it. It means that i can't do nothing about it. The only way to edit, remove or deleted it is i must have access, full access to my page, it means that i must owned the domain or self hosting. Impossible things because i hosted it on blogger.

But...after searching informations about it. I find that Google automatically insert robot.txt to blogger page, to my page especially to search links in order to avoid any duplicated links on that page. And that will not caused bad things on my page. Nothing to worry about... i feel so!

Hundreds of Antarctic icebergs floating towards New Zealand

Global warming has melted a large number of ice in the arctic and Antarctic. Last news said that as the effect of global warming, hundreds of Antarctic icebergs are floating towards New Zealand in a rare event which has prompted a shipping warning.
An Australian Antarctic Division glaciologist said the ice chunks, spotted by satellite photography, had passed the Auckland Islands and was heading towards the main South Island, about 450 kilometers or about 280 miles northeast.

Scientist Neal Young told AFP that more than 100 icebergs, some measuring more than 200 meters (650 feet) across, were seen in just one cluster, indicating there could be hundreds more. They were the remains of a massive ice floe which split from the Antarctic as sea and air temperatures rise due to global warming.
All of the icebergs have come from a larger one that was probably 30 square kilometers (11.6 square miles) in size when it left Antarctica

The icebergs make a long circuit around Antarctica and the bigger parts of it are breaking up and producing smaller ones. Large numbers of icebergs never floated close to New Zealand since 2006. The first sighting was in 1931 when a number came within 25 kilometers of the coastline.

New Zealand has already issued coastal navigation warnings for the area in the Southern Ocean where the icebergs have been seen. Maritime New Zealand spokesman Ross Henderson say that It is a general warning for shipping in that area to be on the alert for icebergs.

The icebergs are smaller remnants of the giant chunks seen off Australia's Macquarie Island this month, including one estimated at two kilometers (1.2 miles) and another twice the size of Beijing's "Bird's Nest" Olympic Stadium.

More and more icebergs will seen in the area if the Earth's temperature continues to increase and the current trends in global warming were continue.
When icebergs last neared New Zealand in 2006, a sheep was taken by helicopter out to be shorn on one of the floes in publicity stunt by the country's wool industry.

If we let this continued without do something soon we will loose numbers of islands, as the impact of sea level rising. Even a small reduce of the carbon emition could help us to see that islands for longer time.

Antarctic ice has melted!

So far, global warming has been known to melt ice in the polar north. Actually, Global warming also make a similar result to the layer of ice in the Antarctic. If this continues, we might soon lose the land where we stand today.

Results of recent studies published in Nature Geoscience mention that ice sheets in East Antarctica, once seen mostly unaffected by global warming, has lost billions of tons of ice since 2006 and could push sea water level rise in the future.

The study also shows that the smaller but less stable ice in the West Antarctic mass loss in a very large number. Global warming is also feared could spark rapid division of West Antarctica, melt the ice that will pushing the global ocean surface as high as five meters.

In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel for the UN climate change (IPCC) predicts sea levels will rise 18 to 59 centimeters in 2100 at the latest, by not entering the impact of ice began to crack in Greenland and Antarctica. Greater impact would have happened if they were taken into account.

Many scientists say that even if the emission of CO2, one of the causes of global warming is limited, the surface of the ocean water may be increased by about three feet. This is enough to make some small island countries and could also damage the habitable and fertile delta of the habitat of hundreds of millions of living beings.

More than 190 countries will gather in Copenhagen, in December, to design a climate change agreement to curb greenhouse gases and help poor countries cope with the consequences

Mobile phone increased risk of brain tumors

Mobile phone users have more risk for brain tumors.
In the U.S. study, the scientists had found a relationship between mobile phone and brain tumors. DrDeepa Subramaniam, director of the Brain Tumor Center at Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center in Washington, DC says that there is no link between hand phone and brain tumors. But Joel Moskowitz, director of the Center for Family and Community Health at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health says there are obvious risks.
"I'm not going to let the children to use cell phones, or I would at least require them to use a separate headset," said Moskowitz.

The researchers found that using the phone for over a decade or more resulted in 18 percent increased risk of brain tumors tend to appear on the side where the phone is used, Moskowitz said. But Moskowitz sure also potentially harmful to other areas of the body - the genitals, for example - when the phone is carried in a pocket.

"We need to do more research because the stakes are very high and there seemed to be suggestive evidence that you are more careful about this, especially in children, who have developed networks and smaller brain size and skull," Moskowitz warned.

Last year, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration asking for more research into the risks posed by long-term cell phone use, rather than the more frequently studied short-term risk. It's urgent that research has focused on the health of children, pregnant women and fetuses as well as workers who use mobile phones in the long term.
See also:AntaraNews

APEC fails to agree on details in battle against climate change

Every body, every country has to make effort to battle against climate change. APEC may be not a forum to discuss about the climate change. A good story is there are good efforts about it, because climate changes will impacts many things, even economic. But there isn’t any detailed commitment to the battle against climate change.

Antara news reporting that As their two-day summit closed in Singapore, the 21-member Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum apparently revealed a serious gap between developed and developing countries over how they could share the burden of cutting greenhouse gas emissions. The result is feared to affect a key U.N. climate change conference next month in Copenhagen.

Will we loose the islands?

Global Warming is one of the most talked issues of the 21st century. We know that, the pollution is increasing even in a larger ratio when the world population is increase. Many countries should implemented “Green” policies, to protect the environment and future of the earth. These policies are increasingly being implemented in Central Europe in countries such as Germany. Recycling garbage, plastic, and even old appliances belongs to the strict regimen. Other policies such as fines imposed on littering, burning of waste or leaves, and even the encouragement of collective transportation have been imposed.
In the Philippines a Waste Management Act has been implemented. But some say that in our everyday lives; the sad reality comes crushing down on Filipinos that barely care for the environment. People burning their garbage in their home and on the streets, shower with the abundance of fresh water. All of these plays a big role as a contributor in global warming.


Let us see and analyze the facts about what caused of global warming. Many people believe (which is also true) that so called greenhouse gases that emit CO into the atmosphere which causes the rays of the sun to be kept within the earth atmosphere for a longer time, since it bounces back. This causes an increase of temperature, which in turn causes more natural catastrophes. Although this is the main cause of global warming, there is yet another cause, which has something to do with the cycle of our Sun. Every ten to twelve years, the sun is in its peak and vice versa. The peak is the solar maximum, which means that this is when the sun is the hottest and emits more solar storms than ever. This period should be the solar maximum of the sun, since the last was in the 90s. This is also an important factor that contributes to global warming.


Some people think that global warming does not really affected their life. Let’s see it again. Because of global warming Dengue fever is spreading much farther and faster around the country due to increased humidity. Global warming make the shores will soon move closer by a meter or more each year as impact of the icecaps melting. Global warming caused more and more floods on the islands and surrounding regions. Global warming make people hunger because their crops were destroyed in natural disasters such as storms, floods, or heat/dryness. Global warming threatens to submerge parts of Manila, Philippine and wipe out the entire islands. Global warming caused the increased of sea level, we will lose islands because of it.

Impacts of deforestation

Deforestation not just impacted the forest biodiversity. Deforestation also impacted the soil. Forest soil layer was have high nutrition that created by natural composting activity. When the vegetation on the area not exists anymore, soils will disable to receive the rain that will make erosion and flood. Deforestation will removed this fertile layer, soils then become very thin and poor in nutrients. When an area is completely deforested for farming, the farmer typically burns the trees and vegetation to create a fertilizing layer of ash. After this slash-and-burn deforestation, the nutrient reservoir is lost, flooding and erosion rates are high, and soils often become unable to support crops in just a few years. If the area is then turned into cattle pasture, the ground may become compacted as well, slowing down or preventing forest recovery.


people make their livings through subsistence agriculture, hunting and gathering, or through low-impact harvesting of forest products like rubber or nuts. Deforestation large scale by loggers or “outside people” could make social conflict. People will lose their land that will affect their live.


Forest make important rule to the water cycle. The forest will receive the rain well. Water evaporates from the soil and vegetation, condenses into clouds, and falls again as rain in a perpetual self-watering cycle. The evaporation also cools the Earth’s surface. Deforestation will remove this cycle and increased the earth temperature.

Global Warming and carbon cycle

In the Amazon alone, scientists estimate that the trees contain more carbon than 10 years worth of human-produced greenhouse gases. When people clear the forests, usually with fire, carbon stored in the wood returns to the atmosphere, enhancing the greenhouse effect and global warming. Once the forest is cleared for crop or grazing land, the soils can become a large source of carbon emissions, depending on how farmers and ranchers manage the land. In places such as Indonesia, the soils of swampy lowland forests are rich in partially decayed organic matter, known as peat. During extended droughts, such as during El Niño events, the forests and the peat become flammable, especially if they have been degraded by logging or accidental fire. When they burn, they release huge volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.

It is not certain whether intact tropical forests are a net source or sink of carbon. Certainly, the trunks of trees are a large, stable pool of carbon that grows as forests mature or regenerate on previously cleared land. But trees, plants, and microorganisms in the soil also respire, releasing carbon dioxide as they break down carbohydrates for energy. In the Amazon, huge volumes of carbon dioxide escape from decaying leaves and other organic matter in rivers and streams that flood large areas of forest during the rainy season. Undisturbed tropical forests may be nearly neutral with respect to carbon, but deforestation and degradation are currently a source of carbon to the atmosphere and have the potential to turn the tropics into an even greater source in coming decades.

That's way we should keep the forest because it will help to stabilize the earth climate. Deforestation will impacts many factor in environment. see alsoImpact of deforestation in tropical forest biodiversity

10 simple things you can do to save the earth.

Love the earth for a better life for all. We live on it, so we should take care of it. You can read '10 ways to maintain love' to keep your relationship. But if you do not know how to keep the earth, you may follow these.

1. Use your light efficiently. When you don’t need it, turn it off. That decreased heating and energy you use, good for environment and save your money too.

2. Use energy saver fluorescent lamp. If you have a regular incandescent bulb at your house, you should change it to a compact fluorescent bulb. It is good to the environment, and save a lot of your money. Although a fluorescent bulb may seem expensive, energy experts confirm that you will save more money with a fluorescent bulb long term. Even though incandescent bulb may be cheaper, it will burn out often. Furthermore, fluorescent bulb will only use a quarter of energy to generate the same amount of light.

3. Pay attention to your water. Turn off the running faucet when you brush your teeth. If you leave the water running for two minutes, you waste up to ten gallons of water. Try drinking tap water instead of bottled water, so you aren't wasting all that packaging as well.

4. Turn down the heater. If you must turn on the heater in the winter, you should set it at 135 degrees. Try to put on thicker blanket or jacket when you go to bed. You may not even need your heater. Wash your clothes in cold water when you can. Make your home more energy efficient (and save money). Clean your air filters so your system doesn't have to work overtime. Get a programmable thermostat so you aren't wasting energy when you aren't home.

5. Carry cloth shopping bags. Cloth shopping bags are better than plastic shopping bags for the environment. Used paper box will be a good choice too.

6. Recycle: Recycle newspapers, plastic, cans, or glass. Learn about your local recycling facilities. Recycle whenever you can. If you're trying to choose between two products, pick the one with the least packaging.

7. Alert your family about the environment: If you have children, you should teach them about recycling. Teach them to love the environment.

8. Leave your car at home. If you can stay off the road just two days a week, you'll reduce greenhouse gas emissions by an average of 1,590 pounds per year. Combine your errands -- hit the post office, grocery store and shoe repair place in one trip. It will save you gas and time.

9. Walk or ride your bike to work, school and anywhere you can. You can reduce greenhouse gases while burning some calories and improving your health. If you can't walk or bike, use mass transit or carpool. Every car not on the road makes a difference.

10. Compost. Think about how much trash you make in a year. Reducing the amount of solid waste you produce in a year means taking up less space in landfills. Plus, compost makes a great natural fertilizer.

Impact of deforestation on tropical forest biodiversity.

Although tropical forests cover only about 7 percent of the Earth’s dry land, they probably harbor about half of all species on Earth. Many species are so specialized to microhabitats within the forest that they can only be found in small areas. Their specialization makes them vulnerable to extinction. In addition to the species lost when an area is totally deforested, the plants and animals in the fragments of forest that remain also become increasingly vulnerable, sometimes even committed, to extinction. The edges of the fragments dry out and are buffeted by hot winds; mature rainforest trees often die standing at the margins. Cascading changes in the types of trees, plants, and insects that can survive in the fragments rapidly reduces biodiversity in the forest that remains. People may disagree about whether the extinction of other species through human action is an ethical issue, but there is little doubt about the practical problems that extinction poses.

First, global markets consume rainforest products that depend on sustainable harvesting: latex, cork, fruit, nuts, timber, fibers, spices, natural oils and resins, and medicines. In addition, the genetic diversity of tropical forests is basically the deepest end of the planetary gene pool. Hidden in the genes of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria that have not even been discovered yet may be cures for cancer and other diseases or the key to improving the yield and nutritional quality of foods—which the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization says will be crucial for feeding the nearly ten billion people the Earth will likely need to support in coming decades. Finally, genetic diversity in the planetary gene pool is crucial for the resilience of all life on Earth to rare but catastrophic environmental events, such as meteor impacts or massive, sustained volcanism(Lindsay,R).

Deforestation results in declines in biodiversity. The removal or destruction of areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity. Forests support biodiversity, providing habitat for wildlife moreover, forests foster medicinal conservation. With forest biotopes being irreplaceable source of new drugs (such as taxol), deforestation can destroy genetic variations (such as crop resistance) irretrievably.
Since the tropical rainforests are the most diverse ecosystems on Earth and about 80% of the world's known biodiversity could be found in tropical rainforests, removal or destruction of significant areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity.

Scientific understanding of the process of extinction is insufficient to accurately make predictions about the impact of deforestation on biodiversity. Most predictions of forestry related biodiversity loss are based on species-area models, with an underlying assumption that as forest are declines species diversity will decline similarly. However, many such models have been proven to be wrong and loss of habitat does not necessarily lead to large scale loss of species. Species-area models are known to overpredict the number of species known to be threatened in areas where actual deforestation is ongoing, and greatly overpredict the number of threatened species that are widespread.

It has been estimated that we are losing 137 plant, animal and insect species every single day due to rainforest deforestation, which equates to 50,000 species a year Others state that tropical rainforest deforestation is contributing to the ongoing Holocene mass extinctionThe known extinction rates from deforestation rates are very low, approximately 1 species per year from mammals and birds which extrapolates to approximately 23,000 species per year for all species. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and plant species inSoutheast Asiacould be wiped out in the 21st century. Such predictions were called into question by 1995 data that show that within regions of Southeast Asia much of the original forest has been converted to monospecific plantations, but that potentially endangered species are few and tree flora remains widespread and stable(wikipedia)

At the amazon, various bird species from the lower mountain slopes have colonised the new dry areas upslope, and many herptile species have declined in abundance or vanished. Three frog mortality events coincided with the three annual peaks in dry day frequency. There is circumstantial evidence that these declines are linked to increased activity of parasitic flies following frog concentrations around water sources. These changes serve to highlight the complex relationships between local climate, land use and species survival (Miles,L.J)

References:
Lindsay,Rebecca. Tropical deforestation. Nasa earth observatory; http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov

Miles,L.J. The impact of global climate change on tropical forest biodiversity in amazonia. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16/1/LJM_thesis_complete_text.pdf

Wikipedia; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation

Deforestation

A wide belt of forests of amazing diversity and productivity can be found at the equator of Earth’s land surfaces. Tropical forests include dense rainforests, seasonally moist forests and drier, more open woodlands. Tropical forests of all varieties are disappearing rapidly as humans clear the natural landscape to make room for farms and pastures, to harvest timber for construction and fuel, and to build roads and urban areas.
Plants absorb carbon dioxide and use it to grow, so they will help to keep the world climate more stable, but when they decay or burn that might be caused by the climate change,the carbon dioxide is released. Decaying plants also produce methane, a greenhouse gas more potent than carbon dioxide. That’s way deforestation and forest degradation could be both a cause and a result of climate change.
It’s doubly damaging when greenhouse gasses are released through forest fires, or using the cut trees as firewood and at the same time the number of carbon dioxide absorbing trees are reduced. Thirty percent of the carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere over the past 150 years is thought to come from deforestation, but this is a small amount compared to what is still stored in forests. The Canadian and Russian boreal forests alone hold 40 percent of the world's carbon stocks.

Changes in temperature ranges and precipitation can harm forests. Droughts and forest fires are expected to increase due to climate change. Forest fires can be a normal part of forests - they clear dense brush and are part of some species lifecycle. However, forests over stressed by human activity and drought can also be devastated by them. There are already indications that the Amazon is drying out, which could lead to a dangerous feedback of fires and desertification.

Invasive insect species may also damage forest health. Insects play a role in boreal ecology - they decompose litter, supply food for birds and small animals, and eliminate diseased trees. But insect attacks are likely to increase in frequency and intensity as established forests succumb to the physiological stress associated with warmer, drier conditions. As the Arctic warms, some invasive insect species, which the colder climate normally helps hold in check, are already increasing in population.

It's worth noting that proper sustainable forestry practices do not cause a net increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because a new tree is grown for every one cut down. By contrast, clear cutting and converting forestland into to urban areas has a very high negative impact - because the forest is destroyed and replaced with heat absorbing pavement and buildings.

Obviously, re-forestation, sustainable logging and protecting ancient forests are essential to not increase the pace of climate change further - so long as these forests are not destroyed later (by future logging, forest fires, etc.).

However, to prevent dangerous human induced climate change, we need to address the main cause - the burning of fossil fuels and the release of industrial greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere.

Help protect the world's ancient forests by buying only Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified wood, and products with post-consumer recycled content. You'll be saving vital habitat, and doing good by the climate at the same time.
references :
www.Greenpeace.org

Commemoration day of global climate change

Thousands of people from all over the world commemorate the day of climate change worldwide by conducting the action, Saturday (24/10). In Beijing, China, hundreds of activists around the city using a bicycle to campaign the use of environmentally friendly vehicles.

A similar action occurred in Taiwan, Sydney, Australia and Manila. They gathered in their respective cities by forming the number 350 to remind the normal limit of carbon dioxide on the planet Earth. In Italy, environmental activists gathered in front of the parliament building while sounding an alarm clock, a sign of time to save the earth even more urgent.

Campaign initiated www.350.org site was followed more than 5000 actions around the world. This action is part of the commemoration day of global climate change that falls on October 24.

These activities are also conducted before the comprehensive, ambitious and fair international climate change at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 15) in Copenhagen, 7-18 December 2009. The process leading to Copenhagen was launched in Bali, December 2007, when all Parties agreed on the Bali Action Plan - a two-year process leading to an agreed outcome on climate change action in Copenhagen.
Source:liputan6.com, unfccc.int.

Past of the earth

Information about the past of the earth have been able to reconstruct by the scientists. The solar system material earliest date is about 4.5672 ± 0.0006 billion years ago, and by 4.54 billion years ago (within an uncertainty of 1%) the Earth and the other planets in the Solar System formed out of the solar nebula. It is a disk-shaped mass of dust and gas left over from the formation of the Sun. This assembly of the Earth through accretion was largely completed within 10–20 million years. Initially molten, the outer layer of the planet Earth cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed shortly thereafter, 4.53 billion years ago, most likely as the result of a Mars-sized object (sometimes called Theia) with about 10% of the Earth's mass impacting the Earth in a glancing blow. Some of this object's mass would have merged with the Earth and a portion would have been ejected into space, but enough material would have been sent into orbit to form the Moon.

Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. The earth’s ocean produced by condensing water vapor, augmented by ice and liquid water delivered by asteroids and the larger proto-planets, comets, and trans-Neptunian objects. The newly-formed Sun was only 70% of its present luminosity, yet evidence shows that the early oceans remained liquid—a contradiction dubbed the faint young Sun paradox. A combination of greenhouse gases and higher levels of solar activity served to raise the Earth's surface temperature, preventing the oceans from freezing over

Two major models have been proposed for the rate of continental growth: steady growth to the present-day and rapid growth early in Earth history. Current research shows that the second option is most likely, with rapid initial growth of continental crust followed by a long-term steady continental area. On time scales lasting hundreds of millions of years, the surface continually reshaped itself as continents formed and broke up. The continents migrated across the surface, occasionally combining to form a supercontinent. Roughly 750 million years ago(MA), one of the earliest known supercontinents, Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia, 600–540 Ma, then finally Pangaea, which broke apart 180 Ma.
Thanks to: Wikipedia

The earth.

Earth referred to the world, some say the blue planet, the planet where we lived. It is the third planet from the Sun. It is the fifth largest of the eight planets in the solar system, it’s have the largest diameter among non-gas planets in the Solar System.

Earth is a home to millions of live things including us, Earth is the only place in the universe where we know there is a life. The scientist said that it formed 4.54 billion years ago and life grown since a billion years. Since then, Earth's biosphere has significantly altered the atmosphere and other abiotic conditions on the planet, enabling the proliferation of aerobic organisms as well as the formation of the ozone layer which, together with Earth's magnetic field, blocks harmful radiation, permitting life on land. The physical properties of the Earth, as well as its geological history and orbit, allowed life to persist during this period. The world is expected to continue supporting life for another 1.5 billion years, after which the rising luminosity of the Sun will eliminate the biosphere.

Earth's outer surface is divided into several rigid segments, or tectonic plates, that gradually migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of the surface is covered with water, the remainder consisting of continents and islands; water necessary for all known life, is not known to exist on any other planet's. Earth's interior remains active, with a thick layer of relatively solid mantle, a liquid outer core that generates a magnetic field, and a solid iron inner core

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Earth interacts with other objects in outer space, including the Sun and the Moon. Earth orbits the Sun once for every roughly 366.26 times it rotates about its axis. This length of time is a year, which is equal to 365.26 days. The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.4° away from the perpendicular to its orbital plane that produce seasonal variations on the planet's surface in a year. Earth's satellite, the Moon, which began orbiting it about 4.53 billion years ago, provides ocean tides, stabilizes the axial tilt and gradually slows the planet's rotation. Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 billion years ago, asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the surface environment.

The mineral resources of the planet and the products of the biosphere, contribute resources that are used to support a global human population. The inhabitants are grouped into about 200 independent sovereign states, which interact through diplomacy, travel, trade and military action. Human cultures have developed many views of the planet, including personification as a deity, a belief as flat or being the center of the universe, and a modern perspective of the world as an integrated environment that requires stewardship.

The impact of global warming in Indonesia

Global warming (global warming) is essentially a phenomenon of global temperature increases from year to year because of the greenhouse effect (greenhouse effect) caused by increased emissions of gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrite dioxide (N2O) and CFCs so that solar energy trapped in the earth's atmosphere. See "what caused global warming?". The literature shows an increase in global temperatures - including Indonesia - which occurred in the range 1.5-40 Celsius in the late 21st century.

Global warming impact caused extensive and serious for the bio-geophysical environment (such as melting polar ice caps, sea level rise, expanding deserts, increasing rainfall and floods, climate change, extinction of certain flora and fauna, the migration of fauna and pest and disease, etc. ). While the impact on the socio-economic activities of the community include: (a) disruption of the function of coastal areas and coastal cities, (b) disruption of the function of infrastructure and facilities such as road networks, ports and airports (c) disruption of residential areas, (d) reduction productivity of agricultural land, (e) increased risk of cancer and disease, etc.)

The impact of rising sea levels and flooding on Bio-geophysical Environment and Social-Economic Condition.

Sea level rise would result in general the following impact: (a) increased frequency and intensity of floods, (b) changes in ocean currents and the widespread destruction of mangrove, (c) expansion of sea water intrusion, (d) a threat to the socio-economic activities of society coastal, and (e) reduction in land area or loss of small islands.
The increased frequency and intensity of floods caused by the random pattern of rainfall and short rainy season while the very high rainfall (extreme events). Another possibility is due to backwater effects from coastal to inland areas. The frequency and intensity of flooding is predicted occurs 9 times greater in the next decade where the 80% increase in flooding occurred in South and Southeast Asia (including Indonesia) with an area of the floodwaters reached 2 million square miles. Increasing the volume of water in coastal areas will provide an accumulative effect when the sea level rise and increased frequency and intensity of rain occurred in the same period.
• sea-level rise than the ocean currents cause changes in the coastal areas also cause damage to the mangrove ecosystem, which currently only condition is very worrying. Extensive mangrove forests in Indonesia continued to decline from 5,209,543 ha (1982) decreased to 3,235,700 ha (1987) and decreased again to 2,496,185 ha (1993). In a 10-year period (1982-1993), has been a decline in the mangrove forest ± 50% of the total area of the original. If the existence of mangrove untenable, then: coastal abrasion will often occur because there was no wave drag, the pollution of the river to the sea will rise because there was no filter pollutants, and the zone would be threatened aquaculture itself.
• The spread of sea water intrusion caused by the occurrence of other than sea level rise was also triggered by the occurrence of land and excessive ground water exploitation. For example, estimated in the period between 2050 until 2070, then the sea water intrusion will cover 50% of the total area of North Jakarta.
• disruption of socio-economic conditions of society that occurred among others: (a) the disruption of road networks and railway traffic in Pantura, East Java and South Sumatra; (b) a pool of settlements in the coastal cities located in areas Pantura Java, Sumatra, eastern, southern Kalimantan, south west Sulawesi, and some coastal spots in Papua; (c) loss of cultivated land such as rice fields, brackish fish ponds, and mangrove area of 3.4 million hectares, equivalent to U.S. $ 11.307 million; this picture becomes even more 'blurred' when linked to the existence of centers of food production is only range from only 4% of the total national area, and (d) decrease in land productivity in food centers, such as the Citarum river , Brantas, and Saddang very crucial for the survival of food self-sufficiency in Indonesia. The areas of Indonesia affected by the potential rise in sea level are shown in Figure 1 below.
• Risk reduction in coastal area and even the loss of small islands that can reach 2000 to 4000 the number of islands, depending on sea level rise that occurred. Assuming the shoreline setback as far as 25 meters, at the end of 2100 century coastal land loss reached 202,500 ha.
• For Indonesia, the impact of sea level rise and flooding is more exacerbated by the tropical forest reduction significant, either by fire or by defoliation. Data collected from the Georgetown - International Environmental Law Review (1999) showed that in the period 1997 to 1998 is not less than 1.7 million hectares of forest burning in Sumatra and Kalimantan, due to the influence of El Nino. Even WWF (2000) mention the larger number, between 2 to 3.5 million hectares in the same period. If not taken steps to correct the damage to forests - especially the functioning of protected - will lead to greater run-offs in the upstream region, increasing the risk of flooding and downstream areas, and expand the water scarcity in the long run.

Anticipate Increase Front Impact and Flood Sea water through the of National Plan by observing the impact of global warming which has a national scale and the dimensions of time, long-term, then the existence of RTRWN become very important. RTRWN outlines the aspects of legality established by Regulation No.47/1997 as a manifestation of article 20 of Law No.24/1992 on Spatial Planning policy guidance includes the use of state space that shows the pattern and structure of national territory to be achieved during the will come.

Pattern of utilization of national territorial space include: (a) referral policies and criteria for protected area management (including disaster-prone areas such as areas prone to tidal waves and floods), and (b) referral policies and criteria for the management of cultivated areas (forest production, agriculture, mining, tourism, settlement, etc.). While the structure of national territory space utilization include: (a) referral development of national settlement systems and (b) referral development of a national system of regional infrastructure (such as transportation networks, electricity, water resources, and raw water.
In accordance with the dynamics of development and the strategic environment continues to change, then felt the need to review RTRWN setting material (PP 47/1997) in order to always be able to respond to issues and demands the development of the national territory to the front. Therefore, the Government was currently reviewing RTRWN conducted with due regard to the strategic environment changes or new paradigm as follows:
• Economic globalization and its implications,
• decentralization and its implications,
• handling of inter-state border region and synchronization,
• marine resources management,
• development of the area left for the alleviation of poverty and economic crisis,
• recycling of hydrology,
• handling of land subsidence,
• utilization Bible point to prosperity and security, as well as
• global warming and other effects.
Thus, the aspect of sea level rise and flooding should be one of the significant inputs for policy and national regional development strategy is contained in RTRWN especially for the development of coastal areas to remember: (a) the amount of concentration of population that inhabited the coastal region, especially in cities coastal cities, (b) the amount of economic potential of coastal areas owned, (c) the use of the coastal areas that have not been reflecting the synergy between the economic interests of the environment, (d) high space utilization conflicts across sectors and across regions, and (e) yet the creation of functional linkages between upstream and downstream areas, which tend to harm the coastal region.
Based on studies conducted by ADB (1994), the impact of sea level rise and flooding is expected to give a serious disruption to areas such as: Pantura Java, Sumatra, eastern, southern Kalimantan, south west Sulawesi, and some spot on Western coast of Papua
For the cultivated area, then greater attention should be given to coastal towns that have a strategic role for the coastal region, namely the central area of growth that provide economic, social, and governance for the region. Coastal cities are expected to experience the threat of sea level rise include the Lhokseumawe, Belawan, Bagansiapi-fire, Batam, Kalianda, Jakarta, Tegal, Semarang, Surabaya, Singkawang, Ketapang, Makassar, Pare-Pare, Sinjai.
Special attention should be given to the development of policy direction and management of infrastructure criteria are important areas for the development of national economy, but has a vulnerability to the impacts of sea level rise and flooding, such as:
• some streets of East Cross Sumatra (from Lhokseumawe to Bandar Lampung along the ± 1600 km) and some Java Pantura Cross road (from Jakarta to Surabaya along the ± 900 km) and most of Central Sulawesi Cross (from Pare-pare, Makassar until Bulukumba along the ± 250 km).
• a national strategic ports, such as Belawan (Medan), Tanjung Priok (Jakarta), Tanjung Mas (Semarang), Pontianak, Tanjung Perak (Surabaya), and the port of Makassar.
• irrigation network in the area of food centers like Pantura Java, Sumatra and the eastern parts of South Sulawesi.
• Some strategic airport such as Medan, Jakarta, Surabaya, Denpasar, Makassar, and Semarang.
For protected areas in RTRWN, the policies and criteria for referral management patterns of natural disaster-prone areas, nature reserves, wildlife, conservation, and local protected areas (coastal border, and rivers) should be formulated in order to anticipate the environmental damage that might occur.
Besides the anticipation of strategic macro-above, is also necessary to anticipate the impact of sea level rise and flooding that are micro-operations. At the micro level, the cultivation area development in coastal areas should be done by considering several alternatives recommended by the IPCC (1990) as follows:
• Relocation; alternative was developed when the economic and environmental impacts due to sea level rise and flood so great that the cultivation areas have shifted more away from the coastline. In extreme conditions, even, should be considered to avoid at all areas that have very high vulnerability.
• Accommodation; this alternative is adjusting to the change of nature or risk the possible impact of such reclamation, or changes in elevation of the building agriculture and brackish water cultivation (aquaculture); inevitable areas, but is expected not to cause a serious threat to the salvation of souls, assets and socio-economic activities and the environment.
• Protection; this alternative has two possibilities, namely that are hard structures such as the construction of wave drag (Breakwater) or flood embankments (seawalls) and which are soft structures such as mangroves or hoarding sand vegetation (beach nourishment). Although the changes tend to be defensive against nature, this alternative needs to be done carefully keeping in mind the natural processes that occur in accordance with the principle of "working with nature".
As for protected areas, priority should be given to the handling of coastal border, border rivers, mangroves, coral reefs, nature reserves wildlife / nature reserves / habitats of flora, fauna, and areas that are ecologically sensitive or have high vulnerability to natural changes or region problematic. For small islands the protection should be given to the islands that have special functions, such as a transit point of fauna, flora and fauna habitats of rare / protected and so on.
In order for the principle of integrity management of coastal areas of development can actually be realized, then the conservation of protected areas on the upstream side - in particular tropical forests - should also get attention. This is important so that the rate of global warming can be reduced, while reducing the impact of increased scale in coastal areas in the downstream region.
The need for policy interventions in the context of Spatial Anticipating Global Warming Impact on Coastal and Small Islands.
In the framework of spatial planning policy, it is one RTRWN policy instruments that can be used for the impact of global warming on coastal regions and small islands. However, in addition to the preparation RTRWN also pursued a policy of revitalization and operation of spatial planning oriented to the use and control of space utilization of coastal areas and small islands with a depth greater detail Of spatial policy interventions basically taken over to meet the following objectives:
• Achieve sustainable development in coastal areas, including coastal cities with all residents and completeness (infrastructure and facilities) that the functions of regions and cities as a food source (the source of nourishment) can still take place.
• Reduce vulnerability (vulnerability) of coastal areas and the settlers (inhabitants) from the threat of sea level rise, floods, abrasion, and the threat of nature (natural hazards) others.
• Maintain ongoing ecological processes essential for life support systems and biodiversity in coastal areas to remain stable which is achieved through the integration of natural resource management from upstream to downstream (integrated coastal zone management).
• To support the revitalization effort and achievement operation of spatial planning, the necessary supports, such as: (a) preparation of guidelines and norms, standards, procedures and Manual (NSPM) for the acceleration field of spatial decentralization to the regions - in particular for spatial planning and management of coastal resources / edge of the water; (b) improving the quality and quantity of human resources and strengthening institutional mechanisms formats and spatial planning, (c) dissemination of products of spatial to the community through public awareness campaign, (d) preparation of the support system information and database management of coastal areas and small islands are adequate, and (e) preparation of maps that can be used as a tool to realize the integration and management of coastal areas, small islands and to avoid cross-border conflicts.
• Furthermore, in order to manage coastal development in an efficient and effective, necessary strategies of spatial utilization of the matching with the spirit of regional autonomy developed by considering the following factors:
• integration of cross-sector and cross-region in the context of the development of coastal areas so as to create consistency in the management of sector and regional development of spatial plans coastal region.
• bottom-up approach or prioritize the role of community (participatory planning process) in the implementation of coastal development, transparent and accountable, to be more accommodative to various inputs and aspirations in the implementation of all stakeholders development.
• Cooperation between regions (inter-provincial, district and coastal cities, the urban with rural areas, and between upstream and downstream areas) so as to create synergy development with due regard to coastal initiatives, and potential local benefits, while reducing the potential for conflict across the region
• Law enforcement is consistent and consistently - both PP, decree, or law - to avoid one-sided interests and for the implementation of role-sharing is 'balanced' between the elements of the stakeholders.

What caused Global warming?

Since we knew the science of the climate, scientists have learned that the Earth's climate was changing. From the study of ice age in the past showed that the climate can change by itself, even radically. What causes it?

After the 19th century, the study of the climate began to learn about the gas content in the atmosphere, known as greenhouse gases, which can affect the climate on Earth is an effect called the greenhouse effect. What's that? IT is an effect, in which the molecules in our atmosphere are like a greenhouse. The greenhouse effect should be a natural effect to keep the surface temperature of Earth is at its normal temperature, about 30° C, else then there will be no life onthis earth.

In about the year of 1820, Fourier discovered that the atmosphere was easy breached (permeable) by sunlight entering the Earth's surface, but not all the light emitted by the Earth's surface can be reflected out, infra-red radiation which should be reflected was trapped, thus the Earth's atmosphere trap heat (the principle greenhouse).

Thirty years later, Tyndall found that the types of heat trapping gases are mainly carbon-dioxide and water vapor, and these molecules are eventually named as a greenhouse gas, as we know it today. Arrhenius later showed that if the concentration of carbon-dioxide doubled, the increase in surface temperature becomes very significant.

Next to the discovery of Fourier, Tyndall and Arrhenius, the more scientists understand how the greenhouse gases absorb the radiation, allowing to make a better calculation for linking greenhouse gas concentrations and increas

ed temperatures. If carbon-dioxide concentrations doubled it, then the temperature can rise to 1 ° C.

However, the atmosphere was not as simple calculation model, the reality of raising the temperature can be more than 1 ° C because of factors such as, say, a change in the number of clouds, reflecting different heat between land and ocean, changes in moisture content in the air, surface changes Earth, either because of land clearing, changes in the surface, or causes the other, because of natural or human actions. The evidence suggests, the atmosphere becomes hotter there, with the atmosphere hold more moisture, and store more heat, warming strengthening of the standard calculation.

Since 2001, studies of global climate dynamics indicate that at least, the world has experienced warming of more than 3 ° C since pre-industrial era, it can suppress it if greenhouse gas concentrations to stabilize at 430 ppm CO2e (ppm = parts per million = per million of CO2 equivalent - which states the ratio of the number of molecules of CO2 per one million air dry). To be sure, since 1900, the Earth has experienced warming of 0.7 ° C.

Then, if it happens warming, as it is called; what became known as global warming. Is a natural phenomenon that is unavoidable? Or is there some significant reason that make it 'popular' today?

International cooperation needed to be able to say that indeed humans who became the main cause of global warming. The IPCC report (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in 2007, shows that the global average since 1750 of human activity causing the warming. Changes in the abundance of greenhouse gases and aerosols due to radiation of the Sun and the Earth's surface affects the overall energy balance of the climate system. In amounts expressed as a Radiative Forcing gauge whether the global climate to heat or cold (in red states or lead to a positive value becomes warmer, and blue opposite), it was found that due to human activity is the (anthropogenic) which becomes the main driver of global warming.

The results of the approximate calculation agent driving global warming and the mechanism (column one), based on radiation effects (Radiative Forcing), in units of Watts / m ^ 2, for anthropogenic sources and other sources, marked in red and positive values of columns two and three means contribution to the warming, while blue is the opposite effect. Source: IPCC Report, 2007.

The picture shows that carbon-dioxide gas is the main contributor glass. From the pre-industrial 280 ppm for a 379 ppm in 2005. This figure exceeds the natural rate of climate change studies from the past (paleoclimatology), where over 650 thousand years is only an increase of 180-300 ppm. Especially in the last decade (1995-2005), recorded an increase of carbon-dioxide concentration of the largest annual (1.9 ppm per year), far greater than atmospheric measurements in 1960, (1.4 ppm per year), although there are variations in per - year.

Source mainly increased concentration of carbon-dioxide is the use of fossil fuels, plus the influence of land surface changes (land clearing, deforestation, forest fires, melting ice). Increasing concentrations of methane (CH4), from 715 ppb (parts per billion = one per billion) in pre-industrial to 1732 ppb in the early 1990s, and 1774 in the year 2005. This exceeds the numbers naturally change over 650 thousand years (from 320 to 790 ppb). The main source of agricultural methane and increased use of fossil fuels. Concentrations of nitrous-oxide (N2O) from 270 ppb - 319 ppb in 2005. Like other contributors to emissions, is the main source of agricultural humans. Combination three main components are the biggest contributor to global warming.
Anthropogenic contribution of aerosols (sulphate, organic carbon, black carbon, nitrate and dust) cooling effect, but the effect is still not dominant compared to the warming, in addition to the uncertainty calculations are still very large. Likewise, the ozone changes due to chemical processes troposper formation of ozone (nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons) contribute to global warming. Ability sunlight reflectivity (Albedo), due to changes in the Earth's surface and the deposition of black carbon aerosol from the snow, resulting in changes varied, from cooling to heating. Changes from sun rays (solar irradiance) is not a big contribution to the warming global.

So, it is understood that humans do play a role for his own fate, because of global warming caused by man's own actions. For that we have responsibility to make some action to save the earth so then human and nature can live in harmony.

ASEAN and Global Warming issue

Secretary-General of ASEAN Dr. Surin Pitsuwan, urged the global community to act immediately regarding the issue of climate change in order to save the earth from permanent damage due to global warming.

Referring to the views 'Economics of Climate Change', Surin stressed that the costs of action now would cost just one per cent of world income, while costs to overcome these acts could reach more than 20 percent in the future, he said that the number of human casualties and suffering caused by global warming can not be compensated economically.

Appeal to tackle global warming is conveyed Surin of opportunity "Breakfast Dialogue", which was attended by head of delegation and other senior representatives of ASEAN member countries attending the Climate Change Negotiations September 28 to October 9, 2009 in Bangkok.

"The main message from the G-20 conference recently in Pittsburgh is that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Copenhagen in December 2009 to succeed. To this, there must be proof of the progress made in the Discussion of this Bangkok Climate Change," Dr Surin said.

He emphasized, great care and dare express political commitment made by world leaders to find a way out of the negotiations in progress.

Concerns will create results that are fair and equitable can be reached in Copenhagen, with the participation of all countries based on generic principles but have different responsibilities.

At the regional level, ASEAN leaders issued a statement on Climate Change Negotiations in Bali, 2007 and was preparing to issue a joint statement on the upcoming conference in Copenhagen.

Secretary-General further called on ASEAN negotiators to speak with one voice on issues that are common to ASEAN so that regional interests will be protected.

Surin said that while the whole world suffers, ASEAN is the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. ASEAN region has a unique natural ecosystems and resources that can provide a source of food for the world and maintaining the global environment.

"We are now more suffering, with storms, floods, earthquakes and other natural disasters. We do not have to make this disaster even worse", he said.

Secretary-General also offered to use his office to promote action on climate change in the long run.

"I will ensure that there is a focal point for greater cooperation on improving cross-sectoral, more specialized studies in specific areas to support targeted actions, and work with our partners from outside the region to form a global partnership in the implementation," he added.

Reference:kompas.com

Hectares of forest in critical condition!

Around 500 hectares of forest area in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia (NTB) were in critical condition due to illegal logging that carried out by irresponsible elements.

"Forests are critical in the forest and outside forest areas, so that the water source in NTB reduced dramatically from the water source 700 is now home to about 200 springs," said Forest Service Chief NTB, Ir. Harina in Mataram,Indonesia on Saturday (26 / 9).

Therefore, some areas of the NTB is feared will experience drought, so the government with continued efforts to prevent forest destruction and deforestation.

"The government is also working to prevent further reduced by springs to provide guidance to the community," he said. Now, there are about five businessmen who will invest in the forestry field area more than 25,000 hectares, including the forest industry plants.

In addition, mining activities, particularly in the flow of the river is also limited, because the number of discarded mine wastes into the river making the river becomes shallow and the water freezes.

"Equally it is important to greening in many forest areas and green belts dam in NTB, by planting various kinds of trees to save water as much BUNUT or banyan tree, to meet the needs of clean water," he said.

Clean water is one of the pressing needs of society, because the coverage of clean water, especially in the countryside, until now only available about 30 percent, while in urban water services have also had 60 percent.

Service for the municipal water supply drawn from the shared water source such as the Narmada and forest Suranadi, West Lombok is about 30 kilometers east of Mataram, Indonesia.
References:kompas

Ice layer at the Arctic Sea

The researchers predicted, the Arctic Sea (poles)of the earth will be free of ice in summer within the next decade. After the spring over, the researchers re-measured the thickness of the ice along the 450 mile route across the Beaufort Sea. They found most of the ice is very thin.

Expedition leader and a sea ice expert from the University of Cambridge, Peter Wadhams, said in the spring of last year's average ice thickness is only 1.8 meters, indicating the age of the layer was about one year. Meanwhile, the ice that had for years about 3 meters.

Thin layer becomes important indications concerning the condition of ice in the Arctic Sea. "Simply put, the thin ice will disappear in an instant ice began to melt season," he said. Wind and ocean currents could also break the thin ice. Broken ice floating freely and be easily driven into the area warmer at the other part of the earth waters and melt. Catlin Arctic Survey and the international conservation group WWF supports these findings.

The situation in the Arctic ice is very influenced climate and natural conditions of the earth. Sea ice conditions in the Arctic is often also associated with climate change and global warming.

10 Ways to Maintain Love

Sometimes we are confused, why anyone would survive so long in a relationship or marriage even there is also a break in the middle of the road. There are some things that could preserved a relationships:

1. Communication
Happiness is determined by two people. Means there must be mutual. One way to achieve it is by communication. If you've started acting like a stranger with your partner, meaning you lose communication. Communication does not mean only talking but also listening. Make a good attitude in communication, such as listening to people talking to complete, before you express your own opinions.

2. Honesty
A lot of people are keeping secrets from each other. Sometimes, hiding something could be the best solution. But, more and more couples who argue that honesty makes marriage or their relationship lasted long. It may be the truth is bitter when we heard, but honesty will save the relationship.

3. Mutual trust
How bitter and sad life if you constantly tense and suspicious, is it true that all couples say. For example, when he came home late with a bad or a sudden meeting, should it always be suspicious materials? If there is a sense of trust, little things like that will never be a threat.

4. Laugh
Almost everyone acknowledges that laughter is a panacea for a relationship. Even in moments of embarrassment, the explosion could be a savior laughed the soothing atmosphere. Do this, and make the wrinkles on the edge of your lips into something fun.

5. Friends with the couple
"How can we be lovers, if we can not be friends?" That’s Michael Bolton said in one song. He was right, because sex with someone who can not be friends, will not last long. Relationship, it takes more than just emotion.

6. Respect
There was no successful relationship if someone looked down on her partner. There must be respect. There should be recognition in the climbing life. From whom else it was obtained if not from his own spouse? But do not forget, to get respect from your partner, you must respect yourself first.

7. Love in all the time.
How it could be a long relationship without love? So, reassure yourself, love him and he loves you. And these two people must be convinced of it.

8. Compromise
Like when we study economics, we know that the balance would be achieved if the demand and supply curves meet at one point. In romance, this is not much different. What you want from him, and vice versa, need to compromise to achieve balance. There are small things you must sacrifice to obtain happiness. And vice versa.

9. Forgiveness
Give apology and do not hold a grudge. For such a big mistake, 'law' is also still valid. Once you throw a grudge, then the relationship will not last long.

10. Prayed
No need a very religious person to ask this opinion. If you accompany your love relationship with prayed and beg his mercy to bless your life together, then your relationship will always

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